CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CROSS BORDER ILLEGAL MIGRATION TO GULF STATES FROM SOWTH WOLLO, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
Abstract
In some developing countries such as Ethiopia the phenomenon of cross border Illegal migration which is mainly triggered by rural 'push' causes than urban 'pull' causes is the main cause of unbalanced rate of population growth and distribution between urban and rural areas in origin and destination states. This situation in turn affects the healthy development of both urban and rural areas. In spite of this fact, not much in known on many of the recent aspects of illegal migration. The present study of migration from Kutaber is mainly concerned with an assessment of the major causes and consequences of cross border illegal migration of people from rural- urban areas to foreign countries mainly to Gulf States. To achieve the objective 120 household heads were selected randomly from three kebeles of the woreda to Schedule interview,. Both primary and secondary data were employed and were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. key informant interview and focus group discussions were prepared to generate information about the cause and consequences of illegal migration from Kutaber Woreda.
Some of the causes of illegal migration are: land fragmentation ,poverty, drought ,need to join friends and relatives, income generation, the search for job and urban amenities ,un coordinated activity of legal emigration process , and facilities in desired state are the most important. The study shown that the large family size and small land holding exposed to cross border illegal migration. Many of the migrants encountered problems at the initial period of adjustment and adaptation and even while traveling in night forest and coastal areas. The positive outcome of the successful illegal Migrants include: Remittance, building houses, running small businesses and a local restaurant, and engaging in the local transport sector in a joint venture. While negative side of illegal migration is moral deterioration, Dept crisis, work load on migrant and remaining family ,rejection by their families , and the community as they failed to meet expectations to return with adequate material wealth. For cross border illegal migration, location, income level and network variables are found to be most important. It is mainly those households who have less network and/or the capacity to finance legal migration who send household members abroad mostly by hating the legal hindrance in process and time consuming. The new economics of labor migration (NELM) is important for all migration types underscoring the importance of the family as a decision unit. In line with this, some useful points of recommendations for effective rural-urban management and rural development activities are suggested by the researcher.
Key Words: Illegal migration, Cause, Consequence, origin, Destination, Kutaber Woreda