Narrative comprehension is essential for societal participation. Further, many global changes in recent years (such as the COVID-19 pandemic, wars, and climate change) can increase the stress level people are exposed to in everyday life and lead, for example, to higher depression rates. In an aging society like Germany (more than 25% of the people are 60 years and older, with an increasing trend), it is of great importance to identify factors that support and impair narrative comprehension. Importantly, aging is related to impaired cognitive functioning and a higher prevalence of depression and chronic pain, as an example. Using longitudinal psychological and clinical data (https://www.trend-studie.de), the present pre-registered study explores preventive and risk factors influencing narrative understanding in elderly people (N = 141, M > 70 years). More specific, physical and mental activity as well as stable social contacts were tested as possible preventive factors for narrative comprehension, and depression, anxiety disorder, chronic pain, poor sleep quality, and stress as risk factors. To assess narrative comprehension, participants were presented with textual and visual narratives with a missing bridging event. Participants were asked to comprehend the stories and to identify (in)correct inferences for the missing event. We examined the influencing factors for narrative comprehension with linear mixed-effect models. Results show that narrative comprehension in elderly people is not influenced by the examined preventive and risk factors. But other important factors should be further considered. The gained understanding of narrative comprehension in aging can help to appropriately address this growing population.