Sense of agency (SoA) is the subjective feeling of being in control of one’s actions and their effects. Many studies have elucidated the cognitive and sensorimotor processes that drive this experience. However, less is known about how SoA influences flexible cognitive and motor control. Here, we investigated the effect of SoA on subsequent response inhibition in a modified Go/No-Go task across two EEG experiments. We manipulated SoA by varying the presence, predictability, and emotional valence of a visual outcome for a given motor action. In both experiments and independent of the emotional valence of the expected action outcome, when participants’ action unexpectedly did not produce any visible effect, they exhibited slower responses and lower hit rates in a subsequent Go trial but higher rates of successful inhibition in a No-Go trial. Moreover, enhanced inhibitory tendencies were accompanied by reduced N2 and P3 amplitudes, reduced midfrontal theta power, as well as reduced theta synchronization between midfrontal and other brain areas, indicating that less top-down control is required for successful response inhibition under a low SoA. Our results suggest that feeling less in control makes it easier to implement inhibitory control. This finding supports the “motivation from control” theory and sheds new light on the role of SoA in goal-directed behavior.