Human fetal reactions to maternal ingestion of flavours conveying bitter taste: A comparison to a control group
Poster presentation
A fetus is exposed through maternal diet to a wide range of flavours in the amniotic fluid containing olfaction, gustation and trigeminal chemesthesis. The influence of prenatal flavour exposure on chemosensory development has been measured in non-human fetuses or inferred postnatally in reactions to flavours by human neonates. Currently, there are no direct investigations of human fetal facial responses to specific flavours transferred into the amniotic fluid through the diet of pregnant women. In this study, we examined whether fetal fine-grained facial movement profiles in response to maternal consumption of kale flavour (n=34) differs compared to a control group (n=30) of fetuses not exposed to the specific flavour. Fetal facial movements at 32 weeks gestational age were recorded with a Voluson G8 ultrasound and coded frame by frame offline using a standardised coding scheme (Fetal Observable Movement System). Results indicated that fetuses exposed to kale flavour displayed significantly more of AU10 (upper lip raiser), AU16 (lower lip depressor), AU20 (lip stretch), and AU24 (lip presser) in comparison to the control group of fetuses at 32 weeks (p < 0.001). These results evidence that fetuses have chemosensory abilities and react to kale flavour conveying “bitter” taste prenatally with specific facial movements. Results are discussed in terms of wider implications of prenatal flavour learning.