Part II of the symposium on the Theory of Visual Attention (TVA) extends Part I, moving to research that highlights TVA’s potential for measuring  attentional changes in diverse populations, relating them to underlying neural changes, perceptual and awareness phenomena. Simon Schrenk opens with a machine-learning study linking resting-state functional connectivity to TVA parameters—visual processing speed (C), short-term visual memory capacity (K), and top-down control (α)—in healthy older adults. This work identifies distinct neural network signatures for each attentional component, providing a framework for connecting TVA-based measures with intrinsic brain organization in aging. Hannah Klink et al. follow by demonstrating that alterations within frontoparietal networks are associated with reduced top-down control in patients with mild cognitive impairment, situating TVA within altered brain-network dynamics. Thomas Sørensen presents findings on expectancy modulations interacting with the κ parameter, offering new perspectives on attentional weighting within the TVA framework. 
Solveig Menrad’s talk relates attentional parameters in patients with ADHD to subjective and objective polysomnographic measures of sleep quality in patients with ADHD. Finally, Kathrin Finke, Jan Tünnermann and Ingrid Scharlau will discuss the development and challenges of TVA. Together, these contributions aim to chart the clinical frontiers of TVA—linking theory, neural markers, and potential translational uses in diverse populations.