We examine recent advances in the psychophysical investigation of cognitive representations and mechanisms. The overarching question is how we can use psychophysical measurement to learn something about the cognitive representations and their functional relevance in the human mind. We will investigate questions in the domains of time and size perception as well as motion prediction and will apply advanced psychophysical methods to these questions. F. Wichmann will give a general overview of how internal visual representations can be estimated. R. Johansson and P. Kelber will present recent work on time perception: R. Johansson will discuss time and intensity judgements, and P. Kelber will present boundary conditions for visual duration discrimination. D. Oberfeld-Twistel will discuss how biases observed in pedestrians' arrival time estimation for approaching vehicles can be captured by a Bayesian observer model. Finally, K. Bhatia will ask what we can learn from visual size discrimination about the cognitive representations underlying the visual guidance of perception and action.