“How do countries deal with High PV penetration” examines the evolving challenges associated with integrating high shares of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation into modern electricity systems amid unprecedented global deployment growth.

The paper identifies key technical and market-related challenges arising from increased PV penetration in IEA countries, including network congestion, limited grid hosting capacity, declining market value of electricity during periods of high solar generation, and growing requirements for system flexibility.

To address these challenges, the paper collects successful strategies from different countries. First, smarter grid operation is promoted through dynamic export limits, flexible grid connection arrangements, advanced monitoring, and digitalized network management. Second, market-based mechanisms, including dynamic electricity pricing, flexible network tariffs, and reforms to feed-in remuneration schemes, are employed to provide economic incentives for system-responsive generation and consumption. Third, investments in storage and flexibility resources, such as battery energy storage systems, demand-response programs, electric vehicle charging management, aggregators, and energy communities, enhance the capability of power systems to balance supply and demand. Fourth, improved utilization of existing grid infrastructure is achieved through shared connections, grid-capacity transparency, and proactive congestion-management practices.

Drawing upon regulatory and operational experiences from multiple countries, including Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, the paper demonstrates that successful large-scale PV integration increasingly depends on flexible, digitally enabled, and market-oriented electricity systems to sustaining PV expansion while ensuring secure, reliable, and efficient grid operation in future renewable-dominated energy systems.