The rapid growth of large-scale wind power plants (WPPs) and other inverter-based resources (IBRs) is significantly transforming and impacting power system design and operation, introducing new complexities and challenges. In this evolving landscape, the demand for sophisticated Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) models to ensure seamless integration and reliable operation of these devices is increasing.

Validation of EMT models is essential for ensuring they replicate the electrical characteristics of WPPs in the time domain with high accuracy, thereby providing confidence in their predictive capabilities and operational reliability. These models are quality-assured by validating against measurements from a prototype turbine or test rigs, specifically for fault ride-through (FRT) cases.

Currently, the state-of-the-art in validation techniques (IEC 61400-21-2) includes Full System Validation and Play Back Validation approaches. Full System Validation involves modeling the system, including the most relevant equipment, and simplifying the remaining parts. Play Back Validation, on the other hand, involves using recorded data from the actual system to test the model’s accuracy in replicating the real system behavior under specific events or conditions. Both approaches have their merits and are crucial for establishing the credibility of EMT models.

These validation methods, with their advantages and disadvantages, are well-established for grid-following (GFL) models. However, validation of grid-forming (GFM) technology, critical to enhancing grid stability and resilience of future power systems, may pose some unforeseen challenges as the existing methods may not fully capture its emerging functionalities. Some capabilities specific to grid forming may be challenging to test for the first time on equipment/plants connected directly to the power system. This gap highlights the need for developing tailored validation techniques that can address the unique characteristics of GFM models.

This paper will offer a state-of-the-art review of existing requirements for GFM model validation and explore ongoing discussions in various forums. By examining current requirements, standards and practices, the research seeks to identify established protocols for GFM validation and highlight emerging trends and considerations being debated in the field. This investigation will provide insights from an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) perspective, aiming to ensure that GFM models can be reliably used in the design and operation of future power systems. Through rigorous validation, confidence in GFM models can be enhanced, facilitating their integration into modern grids and supporting the transition to sustainable energy systems