The aim of this paper is to answer the question concerning the sources of division in contemporary Polish political thought. Contrary to prevalent interpretations, which see the main axis of dispute in Poland in relation to populism, in this paper I will argue that the sources of the fundamental division are deeply rooted in Polish history. At least since the 18th century, two general thought patterns have been evident. According to the first, which I call traditional or nativist, Poland is threatened both politically and spiritually by the political power of its neighbours and cultural phenomena originating in the West. According to the proponents of this view, Poland's political tradition and culture are worth protecting, which is why the priority in this situation is at least to preserve its own identity and even, in a more optimistic version, to promote it in Europe.

According to the second thought pattern, which I call the adaptive or imitative stance, Poland, due to its history, is a country lagging behind in political, economic and cultural development. Due to its peripheral position in Europe, it should make an effort to catch up with the West. Because indigenous liberal traditions are weak, the priority should be to emulate more developed countries and cultures.

Guided by the hermeneutic “principle of kindness”, I will attempt to interpret the nature of this dispute in contemporary Poland. I will refer to authors who, in my opinion, have presented the arguments of both sides in the most in-depth manner.