We examine the enduring effects of foreign repression against religious elites on religiosity and nationalism by studying the persecution of the Catholic Church in Nazi-occupied Poland. Using original local-level data and a spatial regression discontinuity design, we establish that religious repression was most severe in the annexed Warthegau region, resulting in the arrest or death of most local priests. We argue that targeting the clergy can have divergent effects on religious participation and attachments to identities the clergy represent. The interruption in the supply of religious services caused by repression may undermine the behavioral norm of regular church attendance. At the same time, by elevating the victims to the status of martyrs for their faith and nation, this form of repression may bolster religious nationalism among their followers. Consistent with the supply channel, church attendance and religious schooling were lower in repressed localities. In line with the martyrdom channel, these areas built more monuments to victimized priests and showed more support for nationalist parties when WWII was politically salient. Our results suggest that foreign repression against religious leaders leaves lasting legacies for political and social behavior.