How do sexist attitudes impact support for radical right parties (RRP)? While case studies suggest sexism bolsters RRP support, we lack systematic research across countries and socio-demographic groups. This paper addresses that gap by connecting voting behavior, gender, and psychological theories of sexism, using European Values Study data.
Building on cultural backlash theory, I argue that sexist attitudes are activated when individuals perceive progressive norms as a threat to traditional values. I introduce relative sexism, a measure comparing individuals’ sexist attitudes to their country’s average. This concept highlights the role of perceived minority status: those who view their values as increasingly marginal react by supporting RRPs. The effect of sexism on RRP support is moderated by the gender equality context, with sexist attitudes exerting a stronger influence in more egalitarian societies.
Empirical findings reveal that sexism predicts RRP support across Europe, with stronger effects among younger individuals who feel threatened within their more progressive peer group. Interestingly, the effect of sexism on RRP support is similar for men and women, although women are generally less likely to support RRPs—a gender gap driven primarily by older women. Individuals exhibiting higher relative sexism are particularly inclined to support RRPs, suggesting that perceived threats to traditional values, rather than absolute sexism levels, drive this relationship.
This study emphasizes the importance of contextualizing sexism in political behavior. As gender issues become politically salient, understanding how latent sexist attitudes are activated is crucial in explaining patterns of RRP support.