This paper addresses a gap in representation research by examining how societal majority groups perceive their political representation. While existing studies have focused on the representation of marginalized groups and the positive effects of descriptive and substantive representation on their feeling of inclusion, the perceptions of majority groups have often been overlooked or assumed as a given. This study investigates whether majority group members - such as men, middle class members or white citizens - also feel represented through descriptive and substantive representation of their own group (egocentric representation) or whether they rather value diversity and the inclusion of marginalized groups and their interests in politics (sociotropic representation). The paper also analyzes which subgroups within the majority population are more likely to favor sociotropic representation, identifying key demographic and ideological predictors.
To explore these questions, a conjoint experiment was conducted in which respondents evaluated hypothetical politicians based on their descriptive characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity) and substantive advocacy (e.g., support for gender equality). This experimental design allows for a systematic analysis of the relative importance of these attributes in shaping majority group members’ perceptions of representation. Additionally, observational survey data from Switzerland, the UK, and Germany provide complementary evidence on national-level dynamics. Results show that perceptions of representation vary significantly across majority group members, with some emphasizing egocentric alignment while others favor sociotropic benefits through the representation of underrepresented groups. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of political representation and its implications for fostering inclusive and legitimate democratic systems.