Historically, emotion and cognition have been thought of as antagonists. However, recent research in neuroscience and psychology suggests a functional interaction of emotions and cognitive control. Major theoretical views assume that affects either help or hinder the exertion of control. Empirical studies tested these predictions by presenting emotional stimuli and examining how this affect manipulation changed the congruency sequence effects (CSEs) as a measure of cognitive control. However, mixed findings raised the need for a meta-analytic review of the existing evidence. Therefore, we meta-analyzed data from 34 studies (115 effect-size estimates, N = 2627) that investigated the relationship between emotional stimuli and CSEs in conflict-tasks. Separate meta-analyses compared different affect manipulations (i.e., involving tonic and phasic inductions) and different affect dimensions (i.e., valence and arousal). We found that only tonic valence significantly modulates the CSE with increased control for negative mood. Moderator analysis suggested that the magnitude of affective modulations of CSEs varied as a function of the task used to assess control (e.g., flanker, prime-target, Simon or Stroop task) and that negative and high-arousal stimuli increase CSEs significantly in tasks that implemented flanker stimuli. Taken together, these results support theories that conceptualize control adaptations to be triggered by negative affective responses.