Oil extracted from extremophile Yarrowia lipolytica alleviates the cold stress-induced skin aging
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Presented by: Seoyeon Kyung
Oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (Y. lipolytica) has found in natural ecosystems as well as the extreme environments, such as arctic, antarctic sea, and so on. This extremophile yeast has emerged both as a convenient microorganism for industrial application and as a model organism for investigating oil synthesis and accumulation in microbes and higher organisms. Because it is recognized as a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) microorganism, their application field is also expanded to cosmetic industry.
Cold exposure in humans is known to increase oxidative stress, and as the one of the critical factors of skin aging and skin barrier damage. Therefore, we aimed to develop the cosmetic ingredients to improve the skin condition including anti-aging, anti-oxidation, skin barrier, and so on. To achieve this goal, we used the oil produced from Oleaginous Y. lipolytica which lives in the polar regions and overcomes extreme cold environments.
In this study, we used menthol as a cold-stress inducer in keratinocytes. Menthol activated cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) via transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 channel, a major sensor of environmental cold temperatures. In the presence of 100 μM menthol, the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and collagen type XVII (COL17A), the representative marker genes of an antioxidant enzyme and collagen structure-related gene in epidermal basement, were down-regulated. First, we examined that Y. lipolytica-producing oil increases the expression level of SOD2 in menthol-induced keratinocyte. We found out that the expression level of COL17A in menthol-induced keratinocyte was also up-regulated. However, the expression level of TRPM8 was not altered in response to oil treatment in the medium of menthol-induced keratinocyte. These results indicate that the oil produced from Oleaginous Y. lipolytica alleviates the cold stress-induced skin aging.
Then, we further examined the effect of Y. lipolytica oil on skin-aging in normal condition. Collagen synthesis is decreased and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) level is increased in naturally aged human skin and under the UV treatment. The Y. lipolytica oil decreased the mRNA expression levels of MMP-1 and consequently increased the procollagen production even under the UV irradiation. Furthermore, melanin content and nitric oxide (NO) production was declined upon Y. lipolytica oil treatment in concentration-dependent manner. DPPH assay showed that antioxidant activity is increased by the oil extracted from Y. lipolytica.
Next, we analyzed fatty acid composition of oils extracted from Y. lipolytica using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). A major component of fatty acids in Y. lipolytica oil was Oleic acid (C18:1). Linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid (C18:0) were also detected in the order of concentration. It was already known that oleic acid and linoleic acid decrease a tyrosinase activity by preventing the active effect of oxygen on tyrosinase. Linoleic acid has a role in the maintenance of skin barrier function and skin hydration. This result implicates that fatty acids from Y. lipolytica oil have positive effects to keep skin healthy.
In summary, the oil of Oleaginous Y. lipolytica that alleviate the cold stress-induced skin damage and improve the skin condition would be a potent active cosmetic ingredient against cold-stress condition.
Cold exposure in humans is known to increase oxidative stress, and as the one of the critical factors of skin aging and skin barrier damage. Therefore, we aimed to develop the cosmetic ingredients to improve the skin condition including anti-aging, anti-oxidation, skin barrier, and so on. To achieve this goal, we used the oil produced from Oleaginous Y. lipolytica which lives in the polar regions and overcomes extreme cold environments.
In this study, we used menthol as a cold-stress inducer in keratinocytes. Menthol activated cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) via transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 channel, a major sensor of environmental cold temperatures. In the presence of 100 μM menthol, the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and collagen type XVII (COL17A), the representative marker genes of an antioxidant enzyme and collagen structure-related gene in epidermal basement, were down-regulated. First, we examined that Y. lipolytica-producing oil increases the expression level of SOD2 in menthol-induced keratinocyte. We found out that the expression level of COL17A in menthol-induced keratinocyte was also up-regulated. However, the expression level of TRPM8 was not altered in response to oil treatment in the medium of menthol-induced keratinocyte. These results indicate that the oil produced from Oleaginous Y. lipolytica alleviates the cold stress-induced skin aging.
Then, we further examined the effect of Y. lipolytica oil on skin-aging in normal condition. Collagen synthesis is decreased and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) level is increased in naturally aged human skin and under the UV treatment. The Y. lipolytica oil decreased the mRNA expression levels of MMP-1 and consequently increased the procollagen production even under the UV irradiation. Furthermore, melanin content and nitric oxide (NO) production was declined upon Y. lipolytica oil treatment in concentration-dependent manner. DPPH assay showed that antioxidant activity is increased by the oil extracted from Y. lipolytica.
Next, we analyzed fatty acid composition of oils extracted from Y. lipolytica using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). A major component of fatty acids in Y. lipolytica oil was Oleic acid (C18:1). Linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid (C18:0) were also detected in the order of concentration. It was already known that oleic acid and linoleic acid decrease a tyrosinase activity by preventing the active effect of oxygen on tyrosinase. Linoleic acid has a role in the maintenance of skin barrier function and skin hydration. This result implicates that fatty acids from Y. lipolytica oil have positive effects to keep skin healthy.
In summary, the oil of Oleaginous Y. lipolytica that alleviate the cold stress-induced skin damage and improve the skin condition would be a potent active cosmetic ingredient against cold-stress condition.